Higher levels of advanced glycation endproducts in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques are associated with a rupture-prone phenotype.

Hanssen NM, Wouters K, Huijberts MS, Gijbels MJ, Sluimer JC, Scheijen JL, Heeneman S, Biessen EA, Daemen MJ, Brownlee M, de Kleijn DP, Stehouwer CD, Pasterkamp G, Schalkwijk CG.
Journal   Eur Heart J.
Species  
Analytes Measured   IL-8 , MCP-1 , MMP-9
Matrix Tested   Cell culture supernatants
Year   2013
Volume  
Page Numbers  
Application   Cytokines and Chemokines
Abstract
AIMS: Rupture-prone atherosclerotic plaques are characterized by inflammation and a large necrotic core. Inflammation is linked to high metabolic activity. Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and their major precursor methylglyoxal are formed during high metabolic activity and can have detrimental effects on cellular function and may induce cell death. Therefore, we investigated whether plaque AGEs are increased in human carotid rupture-prone plaques and are associated with plaque inflammation and necrotic core formation.

METHODS AND RESULTS: The protein-bound major methylglyoxal-derived AGE 5-hydro-5-methylimidazolone (MG-H1) and Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) were measured in human carotid endarterectomy specimens (n = 75) with tandem mass spectrometry. MG-H1 and CML levels were associated with rupture-prone plaques, increased protein levels of the inflammatory mediators IL-8 and MCP-1 and with higher MMP-9 activity. Immunohistochemistry showed that AGEs accumulated predominantly in macrophages surrounding the necrotic core and co-localized with cleaved caspase-3. Intra-plaque comparison revealed that glyoxalase-1 (GLO-1), the major methylglyoxal-detoxifying enzyme, mRNA was decreased (-13%, P < 0.05) in ruptured compared with stable plaque segments. In line, in U937 monoctyes, we found reduced (GLO-1) activity (-38%, P < 0.05) and increased MGO (346%, P < 0.05) production after stimulation with the inflammatory mediator TNF. Direct incubation with methylglyoxal increased apoptosis up to two-fold.

CONCLUSION: This is the first study showing that AGEs are associated with human rupture-prone plaques. Furthermore, this study suggests a cascade linking inflammation, reduced GLO-1, methylglyoxal- and AGE-accumulation, and subsequent apoptosis. Thereby, AGEs may act as mediators of the progression of stable to rupture-prone plaques, opening a window towards novel treatments and biomarkers to treat cardiovascular diseases.

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Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, IL-8, IL-8 (HA), IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TARC | Human
Multiplex
V-PLEX Human Cytokine 29-Plex Kit
Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TARC, TNF-α, TNF-β, VEGF-A | Human
Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Human MCP-1 Kit
MCP-1 | Human
Singleplex
V-PLEX Human MCP-1 Kit
MCP-1 | Human
Singleplex
V-PLEX Plus Human IL-8 Kit
IL-8 | Human
Singleplex
V-PLEX Human IL-8 Kit
IL-8 | Human
Singleplex
Proinflammatory Panel 1 Human Control Pack
IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, TNF-α | Human
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