Chia seed supplementation and disease risk factors in overweight women: a metabolomics investigation.

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Chia seed supplementation and disease risk factors in overweight women: a metabolomics investigation.

Nieman DC, Gillitt N, Jin F, Henson DA, Kennerly K, Shanely RA, Ore B, Su M, Schwartz S.

Journal		J Altern Complement Med.
Species
Analytes Measured		GM-CSF , IL-10 , IL-12 p70 , IL-2 , IL-6 , IL-8
Matrix Tested		Plasma

Year		2012
Volume		18
Page Numbers		700-708
Application		Cytokines and Chemokines

Abstract

Objective/setting: This study assessed the effectiveness of milled and whole chia seed in altering disease risk factors in overweight, postmenopausal women using a metabolomics approach.

Design/intervention: Subjects were randomized to chia seed (whole or milled) and placebo (poppy seed) groups, and under double-blinded procedures ingested 25 g chia seed or placebo supplements each day for 10 weeks.

Subjects: Subjects included 62 overweight (body-mass index 25 kg/m(2) and higher), nondiseased, nonsmoking, postmenopausal women, ages 49-75 years, with analysis based on the 56 subjects who completed all phases of the study.

Outcome measures: Pre- and poststudy measures included body mass and composition, blood pressure and augmentation index, serum lipid profile, inflammation markers from fasting blood samples, plasma fatty acids, and metabolic profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multivariate statistical methods including principal component analysis and partial least-square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA).

Results: Plasma α-linolenic acid (N=ALA) increased 58% (interaction effect, p=0.002) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 39% (p=0.016) in the milled chia seed group (N=14) compared to nonsignificant changes in the whole chia seed (N=16) and placebo (N=26) groups. Pre-to-post measures of body composition, inflammation, blood pressure, augmentation index, and lipoproteins did not differ between chia seed (whole or milled) and placebo groups (all interaction effects, p>0.05). Global metabolic difference scores for each group calculated through PLS-DA models were nonsignificant (Q(2)Y<0.40), and fold-changes for 28 targeted metabolites associated with inflammation and disease risk factors did not differ between groups.

Conclusions: Ingestion of 25 g/day milled chia seed compared to whole chia seed or placebo for 10 weeks by overweight women increased plasma ALA and EPA, but had no influence on inflammation or disease risk factors using both traditional and metabolomics-based measures.

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U-PLEX Human IL-2 384-Well Assay IL-2 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Custom Metabolic Group 1 (human) 384-well Assays BAFF, BDNF, β-NGF, C-Peptide, CTACK, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, EPO, FGF-21, FGF-23, FLT3L, Fractalkine, FSH, G-CSF, Ghrelin (active), Ghrelin (total), GIP (active), GIP (inactive), GIP (total), GLP-1 (active), GLP-1 (inactive), GLP-1 (total), Glucagon, GM-CSF, GRO-α, I-309, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-29/IFN-λ1, IL-31, IL-33, Insulin, IP-10, Leptin, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-5, PP, Proinsulin, PYY (total), SDF-1α, TARC, TNF-α, TNF-β, TPO, TRAIL, TSLP, VEGF-A, YKL-40 \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Custom Biomarker Group 1 (human) 384-well Assays CTACK, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, EPO, FLT3L, Fractalkine, G-CSF, GM-CSF, GRO-α, I-309, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-29/IFN-λ1, IL-31, IL-33, IP-10, I-TAC, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-3α, MIP-3β, MIP-5, SDF-1α, TARC, TNF-α, TNF-β, TPO, TRAIL, TSLP, VEGF-A, YKL-40 \| Human Multiplex
S-PLEX Proinflammatory Panel 1 (human) Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Macrophage M2 Combo 1 (mouse) IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, MDC, TARC \| Mouse Multiplex
S-PLEX NHP IL-2 Kit IL-2 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
S-PLEX NHP IL-6 Kit IL-6 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
S-PLEX Human IL-6 Kit IL-6 \| Human Singleplex
S-PLEX Human IL-10 Kit IL-10 \| Human Singleplex
S-PLEX Human IL-2 Kit IL-2 \| Human Singleplex
S-PLEX Human IL-12p70 Kit IL-12p70 \| Human Singleplex
S-PLEX Human GM-CSF Kit GM-CSF \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Macrophage M2 Combo 1 (human) Eotaxin-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, M-CSF, MDC, TARC \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Macrophage M1 Combo 1 (human) IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-18, IL-23, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX CAR-T Cell Combo 1 (human) GM-CSF, Granzyme A, Granzyme B, IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 3 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 3 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 3 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 3 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Viral Combo 1 (NHP) G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-α2a, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, TNF-α, VEGF-A \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX Viral Combo 1 (human) G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, TNF-α, VEGF-A \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 2 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 2 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 1 NHP Kit IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 1 Human Kit IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 2 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 2 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 1 NHP Kit IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 1 Human Kit IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-2 Assay IL-2 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-8 Assay IL-8 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-6 Assay IL-6 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-10 Assay IL-10 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX NHP GM-CSF Assay GM-CSF \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX Mouse GM-CSF Assay GM-CSF \| Mouse Singleplex
U-PLEX Mouse IL-10 Assay IL-10 \| Mouse Singleplex
U-PLEX Mouse IL-6 Assay IL-6 \| Mouse Singleplex
U-PLEX Mouse IL-12p70 Assay IL-12p70 \| Mouse Singleplex
U-PLEX Mouse IL-2 Assay IL-2 \| Mouse Singleplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-12p70 Assay IL-12p70 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-6 Assay IL-6 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-8 Assay IL-8 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-12p70 Assay IL-12p70 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-10 Assay IL-10 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Human GM-CSF Assay GM-CSF \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-2 Assay IL-2 \| Human Singleplex
R-PLEX Rat GM-CSF Assay GM-CSF \| Rat Singleplex
R-PLEX Rat IL-10 Assay IL-10 \| Rat Singleplex
R-PLEX Rat IL-2 Assay IL-2 \| Rat Singleplex
R-PLEX Rat IL-6 Assay IL-6 \| Rat Singleplex
U-PLEX Custom Metabolic Group 1 (mouse) Assays Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX Adipokine Combo 1 (mouse) BDNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, Insulin, Leptin, MCP-1, TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX Metabolic Hormones Combo 1 (mouse) C-Peptide, Ghrelin (active), GLP-1 (active), Glucagon, IL-6, Insulin, Leptin, MCP-1, PYY (total), TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX Custom Metabolic Group 1 (human) Assays BAFF, BDNF, β-NGF, C-Peptide, CTACK, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, EPO, FGF-21, FGF-23, FLT3L, Fractalkine, FSH, G-CSF, Ghrelin (active), Ghrelin (total), GIP (active), GIP (inactive), GIP (total), GLP-1 (active), GLP-1 (inactive), GLP-1 (total), Glucagon, GM-CSF, GRO-α, I-309, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-29/IFN-λ1, IL-31, IL-33, Insulin, IP-10, Leptin, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-5, PP, Proinsulin, PYY (total), SDF-1α, TARC, TNF-α, TNF-β, TPO, TRAIL, TSLP, VEGF-A, YKL-40 \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Adipokine Combo 1 (human) BDNF, β-NGF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, Insulin, Leptin, MCP-1, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
R-PLEX Rat GM-CSF Antibody Set GM-CSF \| Rat
R-PLEX Rat IL-6 Antibody Set IL-6 \| Rat
R-PLEX Rat IL-10 Antibody Set IL-10 \| Rat
R-PLEX Rat IL-2 Antibody Set IL-2 \| Rat
V-PLEX Plus Mouse Cytokine 19-Plex Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-17A/F, IL-27p28/IL-30, IL-33, IP-10, KC/GRO, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-2, TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
V-PLEX Mouse Cytokine 19-Plex Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-17A/F, IL-27p28/IL-30, IL-33, IP-10, KC/GRO, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-2, TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX T-Cell Combo (NHP) GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, MIP-3α, TNF-α \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX T-Cell Combo (human) GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, MIP-3α, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX T-Cell Combo (mouse) GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, MIP-3α, TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX TH17 Combo 2 (mouse) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-17C, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX TH17 Combo 2 (human) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX TH1/TH2 Combo (NHP) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX TH17 Combo 1 (NHP) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF-α \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-12p70 Antibody Set IL-12p70 \| Non-human primate
U-PLEX TH1/TH2 Combo (human) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Cytokine Combo 1 (NHP) GM-CSF, IL-1α, IL-5, IL-7, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, TNF-β, VEGF-A \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX Chemokine Combo 1 (NHP) Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TARC \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX Proinflam Combo 2 (human) GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70 \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX TH1/TH2 Combo (mouse) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, KC/GRO, TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX Proinflam Combo 1 (NHP) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, TNF-α \| Non-human primate Multiplex
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Chia seed supplementation and disease risk factors in overweight women: a metabolomics investigation.

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