Intramuscular immunization of mice with live influenza virus is more immunogenic and offers greater protection than immunization with inactivated virus.

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Intramuscular immunization of mice with live influenza virus is more immunogenic and offers greater protection than immunization with inactivated virus.

Harris, K., Ream, R., Gao, J., Eichelberger, M.C.

Journal		Virol J.
Species
Analytes Measured		IL-10 , IL-12 p70 , IL-13 , IL-2 , IL-4 , IL-5
Matrix Tested		Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid

Year		2011
Volume		8
Page Numbers
Application		Cytokines and Chemokines

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Influenza virus continues to cause significant hospitalization rates in infants and young children. A 2-dose regime of trivalent inactivated vaccine is required to generate protective levels of hemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) antibodies. A vaccine preparation with enhanced immunogenicity is therefore desirable.

METHODS: Mice were inoculated intramuscularly (IM) with live and inactivated preparations of A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2). Serum cytokine levels, hemagglutinin (HA)-specific antibody responses and nucleoprotein (NP)-specific CD8+ T cell responses were compared between vaccinated groups, as well as to responses measured after intranasal infection. The protective efficacy of each vaccine type was compared by measuring virus titers in the lungs and weight loss of mice challenged intranasally with a heterosubtypic virus, A/PR/8/34 (H1N1).

RESULTS: Intramuscular administration of live virus resulted in greater amounts of IFN-α, IL-12 and IFN-γ, HA-specific antibodies, and virus-specific CD8+ T cells, than IM immunization with inactivated virus. These increases corresponded with the live virus vaccinated group having significantly less weight loss and less virus in the lungs on day 7 following challenge with a sublethal dose of a heterosubtypic virus.

CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory cytokines, antibody titers to HA and CD8+ T cell responses were greater to live than inactivated virus delivered IM. These increased responses correlated with greater protection against heterosubtypic virus challenge, suggesting that intramuscular immunization with live influenza virus may be a practical means to increase vaccine immunogenicity and to broaden protection in pediatric populations.

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U-PLEX Macrophage M1 Combo 1 (human) IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-18, IL-23, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX CAR-T Cell Combo 1 (human) GM-CSF, Granzyme A, Granzyme B, IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 3 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 3 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 3 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 3 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Viral Combo 1 (NHP) G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-α2a, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, TNF-α, VEGF-A \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX Viral Combo 1 (human) G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, TNF-α, VEGF-A \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 2 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 2 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 2 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 2 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-2 Assay IL-2 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-10 Assay IL-10 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-5 Assay IL-5 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX Mouse IL-5 Assay IL-5 \| Mouse Singleplex
U-PLEX Mouse IL-10 Assay IL-10 \| Mouse Singleplex
U-PLEX Mouse IL-12p70 Assay IL-12p70 \| Mouse Singleplex
U-PLEX Mouse IL-13 Assay IL-13 \| Mouse Singleplex
U-PLEX Mouse IL-4 Assay IL-4 \| Mouse Singleplex
U-PLEX Mouse IL-2 Assay IL-2 \| Mouse Singleplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-12p70 Assay IL-12p70 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-4 Assay IL-4 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-13 Assay IL-13 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-4 Assay IL-4 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-12p70 Assay IL-12p70 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-10 Assay IL-10 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-5 Assay IL-5 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-2 Assay IL-2 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-13 Assay IL-13 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
R-PLEX Rat IL-13 Assay IL-13 \| Rat Singleplex
R-PLEX Rat IL-10 Assay IL-10 \| Rat Singleplex
R-PLEX Rat IL-2 Assay IL-2 \| Rat Singleplex
R-PLEX Rat IL-4 Assay IL-4 \| Rat Singleplex
R-PLEX Rat IL-5 Assay IL-5 \| Rat Singleplex
U-PLEX Custom Metabolic Group 1 (mouse) Assays Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX Adipokine Combo 1 (mouse) BDNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, Insulin, Leptin, MCP-1, TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX Custom Metabolic Group 1 (human) Assays BAFF, BDNF, β-NGF, C-Peptide, CTACK, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, EPO, FGF-21, FGF-23, FLT3L, Fractalkine, FSH, G-CSF, Ghrelin (active), Ghrelin (total), GIP (active), GIP (inactive), GIP (total), GLP-1 (active), GLP-1 (inactive), GLP-1 (total), Glucagon, GM-CSF, GRO-α, I-309, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-29/IFN-λ1, IL-31, IL-33, Insulin, IP-10, Leptin, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-5, PP, Proinsulin, PYY (total), SDF-1α, TARC, TNF-α, TNF-β, TPO, TRAIL, TSLP, VEGF-A, YKL-40 \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Adipokine Combo 1 (human) BDNF, β-NGF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, Insulin, Leptin, MCP-1, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
R-PLEX Rat IL-5 Antibody Set IL-5 \| Rat
R-PLEX Rat IL-4 Antibody Set IL-4 \| Rat
R-PLEX Rat IL-10 Antibody Set IL-10 \| Rat
R-PLEX Rat IL-2 Antibody Set IL-2 \| Rat
R-PLEX Rat IL-13 Antibody Set IL-13 \| Rat
V-PLEX Plus Mouse Cytokine 19-Plex Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-17A/F, IL-27p28/IL-30, IL-33, IP-10, KC/GRO, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-2, TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
V-PLEX Mouse Cytokine 19-Plex Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-17A/F, IL-27p28/IL-30, IL-33, IP-10, KC/GRO, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-2, TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-13 Antibody Set IL-13 \| Non-human primate
U-PLEX T-Cell Combo (NHP) GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, MIP-3α, TNF-α \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX T-Cell Combo (human) GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, MIP-3α, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX T-Cell Combo (mouse) GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, MIP-3α, TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-4 Antibody Set IL-4 \| Non-human primate
U-PLEX NHP IL-12p70 Antibody Set IL-12p70 \| Non-human primate
U-PLEX TH17 Combo 2 (human) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX TH1/TH2 Combo (NHP) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX TH17 Combo 1 (NHP) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF-α \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX Human IL-5 Antibody Set IL-5 \| Human
U-PLEX Human IL-12p70 Antibody Set IL-12p70 \| Human
U-PLEX Human IL-10 Antibody Set IL-10 \| Human
U-PLEX Human IL-4 Antibody Set IL-4 \| Human
U-PLEX Human IL-2 Antibody Set IL-2 \| Human
U-PLEX Human IL-13 Antibody Set IL-13 \| Human
U-PLEX Mouse IL-5 Antibody Set IL-5 \| Mouse
U-PLEX Mouse IL-12p70 Antibody Set IL-12p70 \| Mouse
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Intramuscular immunization of mice with live influenza virus is more immunogenic and offers greater protection than immunization with inactivated virus.

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