Effect of Wild-Type Shigella Species and Attenuated Shigella Vaccine Candidates on Small Intestinal Barrier Function, Antigen Trafficking, and Cytokine Release.

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Home > References > 2014 > Effect of Wild-Type Shigella Species and Attenuated Shigella Vaccine Candidates on Small Intestinal Barrier Function, Antigen Trafficking, and Cytokine Release.

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Effect of Wild-Type Shigella Species and Attenuated Shigella Vaccine Candidates on Small Intestinal Barrier Function, Antigen Trafficking, and Cytokine Release.

Fiorentino M, Levine MM, Sztein MB, Fasano A.

Journal		PLoS One
Species
Analytes Measured		IL-10 , IL-12 p70 , IL-6 , IL-8
Matrix Tested		Cell culture supernatants

Year		2014
Volume		9
Page Numbers		85211
Application		Cytokines and Chemokines

Abstract

Bacterial dysentery due to Shigella species is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathogenesis of Shigella is based on the bacteria's ability to invade and replicate within the colonic epithelium, resulting in severe intestinal inflammatory response and epithelial destruction. Although the mechanisms of pathogenesis of Shigella in the colon have been extensively studied, little is known on the effect of wild-type Shigella on the small intestine and the role of the host response in the development of the disease. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge no studies have described the effects of apically administered Shigella flexneri 2a and S. dysenteriae 1 vaccine strains on human small intestinal enterocytes. The aim of this study was to assess the coordinated functional and immunological human epithelial responses evoked by strains of Shigella and candidate vaccines on small intestinal enterocytes. To model the interactions of Shigella with the intestinal mucosa, we apically exposed monolayers of human intestinal Caco2 cells to increasing bacterial inocula. We monitored changes in paracellular permeability, examined the organization of tight-junctions and the pro-inflammatory response of epithelial cells. Shigella infection of Caco2 monolayers caused severe mucosal damage, apparent as a drastic increase in paracellular permeability and disruption of tight junctions at the cell-cell boundary. Secretion of pro-inflammatory IL-8 was independent of epithelial barrier dysfunction. Shigella vaccine strains elicited a pro-inflammatory response without affecting the intestinal barrier integrity. Our data show that wild-type Shigella infection causes a severe alteration of the barrier function of a small intestinal cell monolayer (a proxy for mucosa) and might contribute (along with enterotoxins) to the induction of watery diarrhea. Diarrhea may be a mechanism by which the host attempts to eliminate harmful bacteria and transport them from the small to the large intestine where they invade colonocytes inducing a strong inflammatory response.

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U-PLEX NHP IL-6 384-Well Assay IL-6 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX Custom Metabolic Group 1 (mouse) 384-well Assays BAFF, BCA-1/BLC, BDNF, CD40/TNFRSF5, C-Peptide, Eotaxin, EPO, FGF-21, Ghrelin (active), Ghrelin (total), GLP-1 (active), GLP-1 (inactive), GLP-1 (total), Glucagon, GM-CSF, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17C, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27p28/IL-30, IL-31, IL-33, Insulin, IP-10, KC/GRO, Leptin, MCP-1, MCP-5/CCL12, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, MIP-3α, MMP-9 (total), PYY (total), RANTES, TARC, TNF-α, VEGF-A \| Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX Biomarker Group 1 (NHP) 384-well Assays CTACK, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, FLT3L, Fractalkine, G-CSF, GM-CSF, GRO-α, I-309, IFN-α2a, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-22, IL-23, IP-10, I-TAC, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-3α, MIP-3β, MIP-5, SDF-1α, TARC, TNF-α, TNF-β, TPO, TRAIL, VEGF-A, YKL-40 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX Human IL-12p70 384-Well Assay IL-12p70 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-10 384-Well Assay IL-10 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-8 384-Well Assay IL-8 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-6 384-Well Assay IL-6 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Custom Metabolic Group 1 (human) 384-well Assays BAFF, BDNF, β-NGF, C-Peptide, CTACK, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, EPO, FGF-21, FGF-23, FLT3L, Fractalkine, FSH, G-CSF, Ghrelin (active), Ghrelin (total), GIP (active), GIP (inactive), GIP (total), GLP-1 (active), GLP-1 (inactive), GLP-1 (total), Glucagon, GM-CSF, GRO-α, I-309, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-29/IFN-λ1, IL-31, IL-33, Insulin, IP-10, Leptin, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-5, PP, Proinsulin, PYY (total), SDF-1α, TARC, TNF-α, TNF-β, TPO, TRAIL, TSLP, VEGF-A, YKL-40 \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Custom Biomarker Group 1 (human) 384-well Assays CTACK, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, EPO, FLT3L, Fractalkine, G-CSF, GM-CSF, GRO-α, I-309, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-29/IFN-λ1, IL-31, IL-33, IP-10, I-TAC, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-3α, MIP-3β, MIP-5, SDF-1α, TARC, TNF-α, TNF-β, TPO, TRAIL, TSLP, VEGF-A, YKL-40 \| Human Multiplex
S-PLEX Proinflammatory Panel 1 (human) Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Macrophage M2 Combo 1 (mouse) IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, MDC, TARC \| Mouse Multiplex
S-PLEX NHP IL-6 Kit IL-6 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
S-PLEX Human IL-6 Kit IL-6 \| Human Singleplex
S-PLEX Human IL-10 Kit IL-10 \| Human Singleplex
S-PLEX Human IL-12p70 Kit IL-12p70 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Macrophage M2 Combo 1 (human) Eotaxin-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, M-CSF, MDC, TARC \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Macrophage M1 Combo 1 (human) IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-18, IL-23, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 3 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 3 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 3 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 3 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Viral Combo 1 (NHP) G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-α2a, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, TNF-α, VEGF-A \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX Viral Combo 1 (human) G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, TNF-α, VEGF-A \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 2 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 2 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 1 NHP Kit IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 1 Human Kit IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 2 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 2 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 1 NHP Kit IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 1 Human Kit IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-8 Assay IL-8 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-6 Assay IL-6 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-10 Assay IL-10 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX Mouse IL-10 Assay IL-10 \| Mouse Singleplex
U-PLEX Mouse IL-6 Assay IL-6 \| Mouse Singleplex
U-PLEX Mouse IL-12p70 Assay IL-12p70 \| Mouse Singleplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-12p70 Assay IL-12p70 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-6 Assay IL-6 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-8 Assay IL-8 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-12p70 Assay IL-12p70 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-10 Assay IL-10 \| Human Singleplex
R-PLEX Rat IL-10 Assay IL-10 \| Rat Singleplex
R-PLEX Rat IL-6 Assay IL-6 \| Rat Singleplex
U-PLEX Custom Metabolic Group 1 (mouse) Assays Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX Adipokine Combo 1 (mouse) BDNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, Insulin, Leptin, MCP-1, TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX Metabolic Hormones Combo 1 (mouse) C-Peptide, Ghrelin (active), GLP-1 (active), Glucagon, IL-6, Insulin, Leptin, MCP-1, PYY (total), TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX Custom Metabolic Group 1 (human) Assays BAFF, BDNF, β-NGF, C-Peptide, CTACK, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, EPO, FGF-21, FGF-23, FLT3L, Fractalkine, FSH, G-CSF, Ghrelin (active), Ghrelin (total), GIP (active), GIP (inactive), GIP (total), GLP-1 (active), GLP-1 (inactive), GLP-1 (total), Glucagon, GM-CSF, GRO-α, I-309, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-29/IFN-λ1, IL-31, IL-33, Insulin, IP-10, Leptin, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-5, PP, Proinsulin, PYY (total), SDF-1α, TARC, TNF-α, TNF-β, TPO, TRAIL, TSLP, VEGF-A, YKL-40 \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Adipokine Combo 1 (human) BDNF, β-NGF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, Insulin, Leptin, MCP-1, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
R-PLEX Rat IL-6 Antibody Set IL-6 \| Rat
R-PLEX Rat IL-10 Antibody Set IL-10 \| Rat
V-PLEX Plus Mouse Cytokine 19-Plex Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-17A/F, IL-27p28/IL-30, IL-33, IP-10, KC/GRO, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-2, TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
V-PLEX Mouse Cytokine 19-Plex Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-17A/F, IL-27p28/IL-30, IL-33, IP-10, KC/GRO, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-2, TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX T-Cell Combo (NHP) GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, MIP-3α, TNF-α \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX T-Cell Combo (mouse) GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, MIP-3α, TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX T-Cell Combo (human) GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, MIP-3α, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX TH17 Combo 2 (mouse) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-17C, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX TH17 Combo 2 (human) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX TH1/TH2 Combo (NHP) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX TH17 Combo 1 (NHP) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF-α \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-12p70 Antibody Set IL-12p70 \| Non-human primate
U-PLEX TH1/TH2 Combo (human) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Chemokine Combo 1 (NHP) Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TARC \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX Proinflam Combo 2 (human) GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70 \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX TH1/TH2 Combo (mouse) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, KC/GRO, TNF-α \| Mouse Multiplex
U-PLEX Proinflam Combo 1 (NHP) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, TNF-α \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX Biomarker Group 1 (NHP) Assays CTACK, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, FLT3L, Fractalkine, G-CSF, GM-CSF, GRO-α, I-309, IFN-α2a, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-22, IL-23, IP-10, I-TAC, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-3α, MIP-3β, MIP-5, SDF-1α, TARC, TNF-α, TNF-β, TPO, TRAIL, VEGF-A, YKL-40 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX Custom Biomarker Group 1 (human) Assays CTACK, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, EPO, FLT3L, Fractalkine, G-CSF, GM-CSF, GRO-α, I-309, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-29/IFN-λ1, IL-31, IL-33, IP-10, I-TAC, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-3α, MIP-3β, MIP-5, SDF-1α, TARC, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, TNF-α, TNF-β, TPO, TRAIL, TSLP, VEGF-A, YKL-40 \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Chemokine Combo 1 (human) Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TARC \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Proinflam Combo 1 (human) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Proinflam Combo 4 (human) IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Proinflam Combo 3 (human) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Human IL-8 Antibody Set IL-8 \| Human
U-PLEX Human IL-6 Antibody Set IL-6 \| Human
U-PLEX Human IL-12p70 Antibody Set IL-12p70 \| Human
U-PLEX Human IL-10 Antibody Set IL-10 \| Human
U-PLEX Mouse IL-12p70 Antibody Set IL-12p70 \| Mouse
U-PLEX Mouse IL-10 Antibody Set IL-10 \| Mouse
U-PLEX Mouse IL-6 Antibody Set IL-6 \| Mouse
V-PLEX Proinflammatory Panel 2 Rat Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, KC/GRO, TNF-α \| Rat Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Proinflammatory Panel 2 Rat Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, KC/GRO, TNF-α \| Rat Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Human Biomarker 39-Plex Kit CRP, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, FGF (basic), GM-CSF, ICAM-1, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, PlGF, SAA, TARC, Tie-2, TNF-α, TNF-β, VCAM-1, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-1/Flt-1 \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Human Biomarker 39-Plex Kit CRP, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, FGF (basic), GM-CSF, ICAM-1, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, PlGF, SAA, TARC, Tie-2, TNF-α, TNF-β, VCAM-1, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-1/Flt-1 \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX NHP IL-10 Kit IL-10 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
V-PLEX NHP IL-6 Kit IL-6 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
V-PLEX Plus NHP IL-10 Kit IL-10 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
V-PLEX Plus NHP IL-6 Kit IL-6 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
V-PLEX Plus NHP IL-8 Kit IL-8 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
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Effect of Wild-Type Shigella Species and Attenuated Shigella Vaccine Candidates on Small Intestinal Barrier Function, Antigen Trafficking, and Cytokine Release.

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