Effects of feminine hygiene products on the vaginal mucosal biome.

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Effects of feminine hygiene products on the vaginal mucosal biome.

Fashemi B, Delaney ML, Onderdonk AB, Fichorova RN.

Journal		Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease
Species
Analytes Measured		IL-8
Matrix Tested		Cell culture supernatants

Year		2013
Volume		24
Page Numbers		19703
Application		Cytokines and Chemokines

Abstract

Background: Over-the-counter (OTC) feminine hygiene products come with little warning about possible side effects. This study evaluates in-vitro their effects on Lactobacillus crispatus, which is dominant in the normal vaginal microbiota and helps maintain a healthy mucosal barrier essential for normal reproductive function and prevention of sexually transmitted infections and gynecologic cancer.

Methods: A feminine moisturizer (Vagisil), personal lubricant, and douche were purchased OTC. A topical spermicide (nonoxynol-9) known to alter the vaginal immune barrier was used as a control. L. crispatus was incubated with each product for 2 and 24h and then seeded on agar for colony forming units (CFU). Human vaginal epithelial cells were exposed to products in the presence or absence of L. crispatus for 24h, followed by epithelium-associated CFU enumeration. Interleukin-8 was immunoassayed and ANOVA was used for statistical evaluation.

Results: Nonoxynol-9 and Vagisil suppressed Lactobacillus growth at 2h and killed all bacteria at 24h. The lubricant decreased bacterial growth insignificantly at 2h but killed all at 24h. The douche did not have a significant effect. At full strength, all products suppressed epithelial viability and all, except the douche, suppressed epithelial-associated CFU. When applied at non-toxic dose in the absence of bacteria, the douche and moisturizer induced an increase of IL-8, suggesting a potential to initiate inflammatory reaction. In the presence of L. crispatus, the proinflammatory effects of the douche and moisturizer were countered, and IL-8 production was inhibited in the presence of the other products.

Conclusion: Some OTC vaginal products may be harmful to L. crispatus and alter the vaginal immune environment. Illustrated through these results, L. crispatus is essential in the preservation of the function of vaginal epithelial cells in the presence of some feminine hygiene products. More research should be invested toward these products before they are placed on the market.

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U-PLEX Oncolysis Combo 1 (human) CTLA-4, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IL-1β, IL-2Rα, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, LAG3, MIP-1α, PD1 (epitope 1), TIGIT \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-8 384-Well Assay IL-8 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX Biomarker Group 1 (NHP) 384-well Assays CTACK, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, FLT3L, Fractalkine, G-CSF, GM-CSF, GRO-α, I-309, IFN-α2a, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-22, IL-23, IP-10, I-TAC, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-3α, MIP-3β, MIP-5, SDF-1α, TARC, TNF-α, TNF-β, TPO, TRAIL, VEGF-A, YKL-40 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX Human IL-8 384-Well Assay IL-8 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Custom Metabolic Group 1 (human) 384-well Assays BAFF, BDNF, β-NGF, C-Peptide, CTACK, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, EPO, FGF-21, FGF-23, FLT3L, Fractalkine, FSH, G-CSF, Ghrelin (active), Ghrelin (total), GIP (active), GIP (inactive), GIP (total), GLP-1 (active), GLP-1 (inactive), GLP-1 (total), Glucagon, GM-CSF, GRO-α, I-309, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-29/IFN-λ1, IL-31, IL-33, Insulin, IP-10, Leptin, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-5, PP, Proinsulin, PYY (total), SDF-1α, TARC, TNF-α, TNF-β, TPO, TRAIL, TSLP, VEGF-A, YKL-40 \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Custom Biomarker Group 1 (human) 384-well Assays CTACK, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, EPO, FLT3L, Fractalkine, G-CSF, GM-CSF, GRO-α, I-309, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-29/IFN-λ1, IL-31, IL-33, IP-10, I-TAC, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-3α, MIP-3β, MIP-5, SDF-1α, TARC, TNF-α, TNF-β, TPO, TRAIL, TSLP, VEGF-A, YKL-40 \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 3 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 3 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 3 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 3 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Viral Combo 1 (NHP) G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-α2a, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, TNF-α, VEGF-A \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX Viral Combo 1 (human) G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, TNF-α, VEGF-A \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 2 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 2 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 1 NHP Kit IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Viral Panel 1 Human Kit IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 2 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 2 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 1 NHP Kit IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Viral Panel 1 Human Kit IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX NHP IL-8 Assay IL-8 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
U-PLEX Human IL-8 Assay IL-8 \| Human Singleplex
U-PLEX Custom Metabolic Group 1 (human) Assays BAFF, BDNF, β-NGF, C-Peptide, CTACK, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, EPO, FGF-21, FGF-23, FLT3L, Fractalkine, FSH, G-CSF, Ghrelin (active), Ghrelin (total), GIP (active), GIP (inactive), GIP (total), GLP-1 (active), GLP-1 (inactive), GLP-1 (total), Glucagon, GM-CSF, GRO-α, I-309, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-29/IFN-λ1, IL-31, IL-33, Insulin, IP-10, Leptin, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-5, PP, Proinsulin, PYY (total), SDF-1α, TARC, TNF-α, TNF-β, TPO, TRAIL, TSLP, VEGF-A, YKL-40 \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Adipokine Combo 1 (human) BDNF, β-NGF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, Insulin, Leptin, MCP-1, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX TH1/TH2 Combo (NHP) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX TH1/TH2 Combo (human) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Chemokine Combo 1 (NHP) Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TARC \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX Proinflam Combo 2 (human) GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70 \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Proinflam Combo 1 (NHP) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, TNF-α \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX Biomarker Group 1 (NHP) Assays CTACK, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, FLT3L, Fractalkine, G-CSF, GM-CSF, GRO-α, I-309, IFN-α2a, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-22, IL-23, IP-10, I-TAC, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-3α, MIP-3β, MIP-5, SDF-1α, TARC, TNF-α, TNF-β, TPO, TRAIL, VEGF-A, YKL-40 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
U-PLEX Custom Biomarker Group 1 (human) Assays CTACK, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, EPO, FLT3L, Fractalkine, G-CSF, GM-CSF, GRO-α, I-309, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-29/IFN-λ1, IL-31, IL-33, IP-10, I-TAC, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-3α, MIP-3β, MIP-5, SDF-1α, TARC, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, TNF-α, TNF-β, TPO, TRAIL, TSLP, VEGF-A, YKL-40 \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Chemokine Combo 1 (human) Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TARC \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Proinflam Combo 1 (human) IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Proinflam Combo 4 (human) IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Human IL-8 Antibody Set IL-8 \| Human
V-PLEX Plus Human Biomarker 39-Plex Kit CRP, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, FGF (basic), GM-CSF, ICAM-1, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, PlGF, SAA, TARC, Tie-2, TNF-α, TNF-β, VCAM-1, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-1/Flt-1 \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Human Biomarker 39-Plex Kit CRP, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, FGF (basic), GM-CSF, ICAM-1, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, PlGF, SAA, TARC, Tie-2, TNF-α, TNF-β, VCAM-1, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-1/Flt-1 \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus NHP IL-8 Kit IL-8 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
V-PLEX NHP IL-8 Kit IL-8 \| Non-human primate Singleplex
V-PLEX Plus NHP Cytokine 24-Plex Kit Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TARC, TNF-β, VEGF-A \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX NHP Cytokine 24-Plex Kit Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TARC, TNF-β, VEGF-A \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Chemokine Panel 1 NHP Kit Eotaxin-3, IL-8, IL-8 (HA), IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TARC \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Chemokine Panel 1 NHP Kit Eotaxin-3, IL-8, IL-8 (HA), IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TARC \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Neuroinflammation Panel 1 Human Kit CRP, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, FGF (basic), ICAM-1, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, PlGF, SAA, TARC, Tie-2, TNF-α, TNF-β, VCAM-1, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-1/Flt-1 \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Neuroinflammation Panel 1 Human Kit CRP, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, FGF (basic), ICAM-1, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, PlGF, SAA, TARC, Tie-2, TNF-α, TNF-β, VCAM-1, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-1/Flt-1 \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Proinflammatory Panel 1 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
V-PLEX Proinflammatory Panel 1 NHP Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 \| Non-human primate Multiplex
Human IL-8 Antibody Bulk Product IL-8
V-PLEX Plus Chemokine Panel 1 Human Kit Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, IL-8, IL-8 (HA), IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TARC \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Chemokine Panel 1 Human Kit Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, IL-8, IL-8 (HA), IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TARC \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Human Cytokine 29-Plex Kit Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TARC, TNF-α, TNF-β, VEGF-A \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Human IL-8 Kit IL-8 \| Human Singleplex
V-PLEX Human IL-8 Kit IL-8 \| Human Singleplex
Proinflammatory Panel 1 Human Control Pack IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, TNF-α \| Human
Chemokine Panel 1 Human Control Pack Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TARC \| Human
V-PLEX Plus Proinflammatory Panel 1 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Human Proinflam. Panel II (4-Plex) IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Human Proinflammatory Panel II (4-Plex) IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Proinflammatory Panel 1 Human Kit IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, TNF-α \| Human Multiplex
V-PLEX Plus Human Cytokine 29-Plex Kit Eotaxin, Eotaxin-3, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TARC, TNF-α, TNF-β, VEGF-A \| Human Multiplex
Canine ProInflammatory Panel 3 Ultra-Sensitive Kit IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α \| Canine Multiplex
U-PLEX Immuno-Oncology Group 1 (human) 384-well Assays BAFF-R/TNFRSF13C, BCMA/TNFRSF17, CD20, CD27, CD28, CD40L (soluble), CD276/B7-H3, CTACK, CTLA-4, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, EPO, FGF (basic), FLT3L, Fractalkine, G-CSF, GITR/TNFRSF18, GITRL/TNFSF18, GM-CSF, gp130 (soluble), Granzyme A, Granzyme B, GRO-α, HAVCR2/TIM-3, I-309, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-29/IFN-λ1, IL-31, IL-33, IP-10, I-TAC, LAG3, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-5, OX40/TNFRSF4, PD1 (epitope 1), PD1 (epitope 2), PD-L1 (epitope 1), PD-L2, PlGF, RANKL/TNFSF11, Tie-2, TIGIT, TLR1, TNF-α, TNF-β, TPO, TRAIL, TSLP, VEGF-A, VEGF-D, YKL-40 \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Immuno-Oncology Group 1 (human) Assays APRIL/TNFSF13, BAFF-R/TNFRSF13C, BCMA/TNFRSF17, CD20, CD27, CD28, CD40L (soluble), CD276/B7-H3, CTACK, CTLA-4, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, EPO, E-Selectin, FGF (basic), FLT3L, Fractalkine, Galectin-9, G-CSF, GITR/TNFRSF18, GITRL/TNFSF18, GM-CSF, gp130 (soluble), Granzyme A, Granzyme B, GRO-α, HAVCR2/TIM-3, HVEM/TNFRSF14, I-309, ICOS, ICOS-L/B7-H2, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-29/IFN-λ1, IL-31, IL-33, IP-10, I-TAC, LAG3, LIGHT/TNFSF14, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIG, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-5, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9 (total), Nectin-4, OX40/TNFRSF4, PD1 (epitope 1), PD1 (epitope 2), PD-L1 (epitope 1), PD-L1 (epitope 2), PD-L2, Pentraxin 3, Perforin, PlGF, proMMP-9, P-Selectin, RAGE (soluble), RANKL/TNFSF11, RANTES, S100A12, Tie-2, TIGIT, TLR1, TNF-α, TNF-β, TNF-RI, TNF-RII, TPO, TRAIL, TSLP, VEGF-A, VEGF-D, VEGFR-1/Flt-1, YKL-40 \| Human Multiplex
U-PLEX Immuno-Oncology Group 1 (human) Assays APRIL/TNFSF13, BAFF-R/TNFRSF13C, BCMA/TNFRSF17, CD20, CD27, CD28, CD40L (soluble), CD276/B7-H3, CTACK, CTLA-4, ENA-78, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, EPO, E-Selectin, FGF (basic), FLT3L, Fractalkine, Galectin-9, G-CSF, GITR/TNFRSF18, GITRL/TNFSF18, GM-CSF, gp130 (soluble), Granzyme A, Granzyme B, GRO-α, HAVCR2/TIM-3, HVEM/TNFRSF14, I-309, ICOS, ICOS-L/B7-H2, IFN-α2a, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-17A/F, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-29/IFN-λ1, IL-31, IL-33, IP-10, I-TAC, LAG3, LIGHT/TNFSF14, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-4, M-CSF, MDC, MIF, MIG, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-5, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9 (total), Nectin-4, OX40/TNFRSF4, PD1 (epitope 1), PD1 (epitope 2), PD-L1 (epitope 1), PD-L1 (epitope 2), PD-L2, Pentraxin 3, Perforin, PlGF, proMMP-9, P-Selectin, RAGE (soluble), RANKL/TNFSF11, RANTES, S100A12, Tie-2, TIGIT, TLR1, TNF-α, TNF-β, TNF-RI, TNF-RII, TPO, TRAIL, TSLP, VEGF-A, VEGF-D, VEGFR-1/Flt-1, YKL-40 \| Human Multiplex

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Effects of feminine hygiene products on the vaginal mucosal biome.

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